Energy Society Essay

The Kyoto Protocol The official name of the Protocol is The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It is an agreement by 165 countries for mandatory targets for the reduction of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. These gases—carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and several fluorinated gases are believed to contribute significantly to global warming. The targets of the Protocol are primarily industrialized countries, which are expected to reduce their combined emissions to 95% of 1990 emission levels between 2008 and 2012. The Protocol was agreed on in 1997, although it only took effect in 2005. Between the years 1990 and 2000, the overall emissions of industrialized countries have been reduced by 3%, but largely because of the drastic reduction of emissions from former Soviet countries because of their failing economies. Other industrialized countries overall had an increase of 8% emissions. It is estmated that emissions from industrialized countries will be 10% above 1990 emission levels by the year 2010. For industrialized countries, the emission reduction target of the Kyoto Protocol is only around 5%, and many climate scientists are concerned that this is not enough to curb the effects of global warming. They believe that in order for the agreement to actually help solve the problem, the emission rates would be cut down by 60%. This has led to the opinion that the agreement lacks real value, more so without US backing. However, advocates believe that the Protocol lays out the groundwork for future negotiations. Emission reduction laws were already signed in many countries and would continue to take effect even when the Protocol itself has ceased to exist. â€Å"Happy Kyoto Day† – This site has an unusual approach to the problem of determining the Kyoto protocol’s merit. According to the author, â€Å"In and of itself, the Kyoto treaty won’t solve global warming or avert disastrous climate disruption.† The author states that the protocol is essentially a catalyst. It will put the world in an environmentally aware mindset—even if the Kyoto protocol fails, it will force the world to come up with something better. It will also encourage economic changes that strive towards greater efficiency and sustainability. Lastly, the protocol â€Å"is a symbol, a conscious step in the right direction for the planet. â€Å"Kyoto & global warming: good stuff or part of a dark conspiracy to dominate the world?† – According to this site, â€Å"global warming alarmism† is indeed the â€Å"mother of all environmental scares.† The author states that it is definitely not settled whether human activity has had any significant effect on global warming; global warming is a theory, not a fact. Some effects of the Kyoto protocol would include â€Å"impoverishing the USA and creating intense disaffection within the ranks of the working classes.† Basic necessities would become very expensive. â€Å"Electricity would double in cost, fuel would skyrocket.† Lastly, the author claims that the Kyoto protocol is a political â€Å"device to lead the Social Communists closer to world dominion.† One of the worst effects that global warming could have would be the rise of sea levels, due to the melting of ice caps and to thermal expansion of the world’s waters. A hundred years from now, if the worst global warming predictions come true, millions of people will be displaced from their homes, which will be submerged. This will have drastic economic and cultural impacts. The effects of the mass displacement on the economy could reach far into the future. The loss of farmland, of business districts, etc. may spawn another (much worse) Great Depression in many areas. Forced cultural dispersion will be commonplace, making the ubiquitous problem of the generation gap much more considerable. Many people who would call themselves environmentalists would not necessarily have good knowledge of environmental issues. They may pay lip service to the environmentalist cause without inconveniencing themselves in any respect to protect it. But I would venture to say that a majority of those who call themselves environmentalists would be willing to go out of their way to ‘serve’ the world. However, it is certain that, as in other controversial issues, there would be much hypocrisy. If by ‘environmentalists’ we mean those who are—or claim to be—‘concerned’ about the environment, then certainly most of them would just be claiming belief in the cause, but be too lazy. In them would be an awareness of an ideal—the preservation of the environment—but a lack of initiative, probably because of the lack of any immediate incentives. References    Kyoto Protocol, 2006, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Greenhouse Office, Available at: http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/international/kyoto/index.html The Kyoto Protocol, New Zealand Ministry for the Environment, Available at: http://www. climatechange.govt.nz/about/kyoto.html Cascio, Jamais, 2006, Happy Kyoto Day, Available at: http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/002119.html Kyoto & global warming: good stuff or part of a dark conspiracy to dominate the world?, 2006, Available at: http://uspolitics.tribe.net/thread/e4978f31-0439-4b70-bbf3-f0ce93a09a42 Q&A: The Kyoto Protocol, 2005, BBC News, Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/ 4269921.stm The Kyoto Protocol – A brief summary, 2006, European Union, Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/ environment/climat/kyoto.htm Kyoto Protocol, 2006, Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., Available at: http://en.wikipedia. org/w/index.php?title=Kyoto_Protocol&oldid=80236719 Kyoto Protocol comes into force, 2005, BBC News, Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ science/nature/4267245.stm

Psychology Cae Studies Essay

1) Newspaper Advertisement: -self selecting persons who had an interest in seeing the study become successful. If you volunteer to become a part of a study clearly you have an interest and feel a sense of responsibility towards the experiment.  2) Subjects were predominately white and middle class. This implies that the subjects are from similar backgrounds, and so share similar experiences. In such cases we call them a homogeneous group. A homogeneous group because of their similar experiences are not likely to be representative of the wider population. Consequently results are likely to reflective of them, not the general population. In this instance we may only have learn how a prison population with predominately white males from a middle class background is likely to behave. Remember the purpose of much of research is to generalise to the wider population. 3) Thumbs up for the use of questionnaires and an interview, which were used to screen the subjects.  Thumbs down – what constituted healthy? How did they come to this judgement? Normal! What is normal?  4) The experiment was conducted at the prestigious Stanford University. The  Prestige of the University will have impacted upon the subjects. Oh my god we are here at Stanford. If Stanford is doing this then it must be good and worthwhile. They wouldn’t have me doing something that’s not good for me. No matter what I feel I must behave as a dutiful subject. It’s not hard to imagine the subjects thinking in this manner. 5) The direct involvement of the chief researcher as a participant in the  Experiment could also impact upon the subjects. Hey he’s involved, if he isn’t having a problem neither should I. I need to follow his lead. This is a really valuable piece of research.  Key Terms  De-Individuation: -This is a loss of your individual identity. The guards lost their identity to the group collective. We are guards. The (uniform), inclusive of baton, reflecting sunglasses and apparel (what they had on) contributed to this. We are the authority! What we say goes! The prisoners lost their identity when they were given prison garb and prison numbers. To be referred to only by a number robs you of your name. How vital is a name to an individual? Mr, Miss, Mrs, name only. It comes to define you the individual. Without it who are you? De-humanisation: – This means that you have lost your humanity and are not treated with the basic dignity to which human beings are entitled. The prisons were de-humanised. Remember they were stripped and made to stand naked in the court -yard. This is not a dignified way to treat persons. Further evidence of their dehumanisation is the prison guards referring to their rights as privileges. This implied that they were not entitled to rights. Loss of control over what we as humans have come to expect, when we eat, when we sleep, and when use the bathroom. They lost the power to do all these things. Learned helplessness: – They became dependent upon the guards for everything. They lost the desire and the know how to do things for themselves. This was not the situation before since they acquired it in prison, then it is learned helplessness.  Remember power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely.  Role Confusion: – This occurs when the individual cannot separate roles that he has been given-which am I truly? This is linked to role consumption, This occurs when one particular role comes to define an individual take for example an athlete or politician who refuses to retire long after they have passed their prime. Both the guards and the prisoners suffered from this problem. The guards like the prisoners suffered de-individuation. They too lost their identities to the roles they were asked to perform. The awesome power they were given, the uniform-inclusive of whistle, baton and reflecting sunglasses all contributed to them losing their identity. They began to see themselves as guards only and begun acting accordingly. Most naturally this meant that the guards internalised the prison. By Internalisation we mean that they accepted the prison as being real, and conformed to its expectations, routines and guidelines. Did the guards truly internalise the prison? Lets look at the evidence of this-The guards attempted to hide the prisons in the broom cupboard because they felt the experimenters were being too soft- [This is evidence of internalisation because it shows that the guards had removed themselves from the confines/boundaries of the experiment and had now started to think as the collective group-prison guards-[This moment should have marked the end of the experiment as its integrity had been compromised-it was an ethical violation to continue-Zimbardo being a part of the experiment(Prison Warder-head guard) became totally subjective and could not see that anything was wrong-this again was unethical but only because his objectivity was compromised].  Further evidence of this is calling the prisoners rights privileges, and delaying the prisoner roll call to hours. For the prisoners the arresting process, which began when they were arrested and ended when they were finger printed and photographed, contributed to the prisoners internalising the prison. This occurred because of the shock value it signified a break from the prison (subjects) everyday reality they were arrested-they were now prisoners. The initiation process, which is everything, which happened to the prison subjects up until they were assigned to their cells, also contributed to their internalising the prison. This included being given prison uniforms, being stripped and deloused, being made to stand naked in the prison yard, being assigned numbers, learning the prison rules -which they had to recite and being assigned cells. Evidence of the internalisation of the prison by the prisoners is them referring to themselves by number, asking for a lawyer, bail and parole board, and returning to their cells when they could have just left.

Jasmine homework

Individual Acting out with different comedic masks Individual acting out with different comedic masks: In this activity we were required to choose a mask from comedic theatre that ‘spoke to us', and with this mask we must act out the character we believe the mask portrays and communicate it through the questions the teacher asks us. I personally found it hard to let the mask choose me, but I eventually chose one mask that struck me.The ask looked very dopey and stupid in a sense because of the visual characteristics on his face like a large confronting nose, circle shaped face and small eyes. I took the role as a lonely young boy who is over excited by the overload in human interaction. With the questions that were asked like â€Å"how are you? â€Å"Are you excited? † I involved the audience and expressed my enthusiasm by using a deep voice, wonky laugh and a heavy walk. I definitely enjoyed this opportunity especially when I realized the way this I took on the charact er was very similar to the intentions of the real character.I pop to get the chance to complete this activity again with a new mask and see how my perspective of it compares to the main perspective. ‘ Tuesday 3rd June: Continued Individual Acting with comedic masks Wednesday 1 lath June: ABSENT – LEFT SCHOOL EARLY Wednesday 18th June: Warm Up: Being a restoration character Activity: Prime Minister's Dinner and feedback Being a Restoration Character: In this warm up we were required to play a character from the restoration period.We had to be emotionally invested in the character in order to influence the audience by our emotions. We were asked to play a character eke ‘a person late for work and gradually we were asked to increase the energy of our character if it means running faster or using our actions more vigorously. I particularly enjoyed this warm up because it helped me to understand the energy the restoration actors had to put in their performance and what they considered to be theatre suitable for the audience at the time.I hope to warm up to this activity again so I can further improve my energy towards playing characters and emotions in Restoration theatre. Prime Minister's Dinner and feedback In this activity the whole class was required to play an emotion and be involved in a ousted by the Prime Minister where they would showcase their emotion and make it evident to the audience. Each student was given an emotion (e. G. – gossipy, horny, rude etc. ) and had to perform their role as they arrived at the dinner.I was fortunate enough to be the Prime Minister's wife and my character was to spread rumors about the other guests. I definitely struggled with this task because it was very difficult to perform and be heard when the whole class was trying to achieve the same thing. After our performance Ms Weed agreed that we needed a system to aka sure we weren't talking over one another. To improve this problem we made a circle in the middle of the drama space so the only people who should be talking are the ones in the circle while the other students are merely miming.Ms also said that we were lacking energy with our characters and it was then it occurred to me how much more energy I would have to put into the performance even though I thought the energy I had put in initially was enough. I definitely enjoyed this activity and hope to do this again and further improve my skills with working as a class and my energy bevel when characterizing emotion in a restoration character.Monday 23rd June: ABSENT – SICK Term 3- Monday 14th July – Theory work Activities: 4 vowels exercise – Clouds, Jungle, butter/tar and balloons Meditation 4 humors The Four Humors in Renaissance and Elizabethan time By this time the humors had become standardized as follows Body Humor Body substance produced by Element Qualities Complexion and Body type Personality Sanguine blood liver air hot and moist red-cheeked, corpulent amorous, happy, generous, optimistic, irresponsible Choleric yellow bile spleen fire hot and dry deed-haired, thin violent, vengeful, short-tempered, ambitious Phlegmatic phlegm lungs water cold and moist corpulent Sluggish, pallid, cowardly Melancholic black bile gall bladder earth cold and dry sallow, thin Introspective, sentimental, gluttonous Note: â€Å"lazy† is sometimes attributed to Phlegmatic [ref The Four Humors] and sometimes to Melancholies [ref The Four Humors] 4 vowels exercise – Clouds, Jungle, butter/tar and balloons In this exercise we were required to rotate around the classroom in a clockwise direction and act out different environments with each quarter we fall under.The four quarters were clouds, Jungle, butter/tar and balloon and we had to have enough energy to mime the actions that would be conducted in this environment. As we rotated around the environments I particularly enjoyed performing in the Jungle environment and when the teache r asked for students to move into the quarter they liked performing the most I was the only one in the class to move into the Jungle environment and that particularly surprised me personally. I hope to complete the activity again to further improve my skills on miming an environment and using my body to display the emotions presented. Body Meditation In this activity the class conducted a body meditation to help us with connecting shapes with colors.I the meditation the class was to lie down on the drama space floor and as the lights were turned off we would listen to M's voice as she described colors and shapes while we had to focus on the shape/color to find what matched to it. In my experience with this activity I noticed that the circle shapes mostly lead to deep purples and blues whereas the sharp edged shapes were mostly reds and oranges. I really enjoyed this activity because I found it very relaxing and a good way o wind down after an active activity previously. I also enjoy ed it because it helped me gain more understanding of Shakespearean work with color and emotions and the way his characters are able to visually perform that. I hope to complete this relaxing activity again to further development my understanding and connection of emotions and how I present them.Wednesday 16th July – Activity: Watched Year 12 HOC practice Trials (Gave feedback for performance) – Late to class Mediation and Exploration with sounds: In this activity we explored Shakespearean interpretation of how sounds can effect and impact emotion as well as shapes and lour. We started by lying on the drama space floor and turning the lights off- after that Ms Weed began to teach us how to explore different sounds and vowels such as ‘O'. Personally when I expressed this sound I saw a deep purple/blue and an Oval like shape. This was defiantly contrasted when we had to sound out ‘D', because this gave a hard sound I saw a dark green color and a square shape. Doing this exercise made me realizes not only how deep and contextually detailed Shakespearean teachings and works are but it also help me understand it better as I personally struggle grasping Shakespearean concept.I hope to complete this relaxing exercise again to further understand and develop my understanding of Shakespeare and his works. Tuesday 22nd July – Role Scoring Questions- Viola (Twelfth Night) 1 . How does the title of the play relate to your character? Twelfth Night† is usually considered to be a reference to Epiphany, or the twelfth night of the Christmas celebration Unary 6). In Shakespearean day, this holiday was celebrated as a festival in which everything was turned upside down. This is much like the upside-down, chaotic world of Lariat in the play where Viola causes a love arrange to occur. 2. What is your character's main sense of urgency? What strong impulse motivates your character to act? My character, Viola has a strong sense of urgency.After the recent loss of her brother Viola has a missing male piece in her life and as she desperately searches for a replacement to this manly figure she will go to any extreme to achieve that. 3. If your character has a secret, what is it? My character holds a large secret that creates the main basis of the plot and storyline in the play. Her secret is that in the play she pretends to be a male to be closer to her rue love' Duke Rosin who has a much higher status than her and is in love with Olivia 4. What rhythm might you associate with your character? I associate my character to have a smooth, calm and steady rhythm because I see her as someone who is calm under pressure and aware of her intentions and steady of her priorities. 5. What sound might you associate with your character?I find my character to associate with a deep, calm sound because of the personality and her ability to play 2 different characters and attempt to keep her sense of identity at the same time. 6. What is your character's master gesture? My characters master gestures towards the characters in the play is the fact that she caused such complications and a sense of confusion between the characters that it becomes evident that the biggest gesture Viola did was to give up her lifestyle and everything she knew to hide her identity and change herself for one man. 7. What is your character's leading centre? (The head? The heart? The stomach? Something else? My characters leading centre would definitely be the heart, because not only to herself but also to the audience it's the only thing that remains consistent tit the character because almost every aspect of her is hidden except her intentions and her heart. 8. What colors might you associate with your character? Why? I associate the character Viola with a deep purple/blue color. This is not only because that certain color resembles both genders but also because that color is relaxing and calm and easy to associate with. 9. What object might you associate with your character? Why? I associate a map with my character because I believe that the intentions the character is very clear and the route and road to achieve those intentions are also very clear.And although the route to complete this goal is steep Viola is still willing to follow herself/the map to reach her destination of true love. 10. What animal might you associate with your character? Why? I associate my character with a spider, because although they are small and may seem insignificant there intentions are clear and they are a prime predator in the insect family. 1 1 . What are your character's two primary senses? My characters two primary senses would be their voice and their ability to view problems and complications. 12. Does your character â€Å"mask†, or cover up, feelings and behaviors? If so, what does your character mask? My character covers up her feelings and her physical features.She does this because her feelings that she has about Duke Rosin seem impossible to admit and confront about and to achieve this, she hides her female features to look like a man. 13. Does your character have a sense of humors? Is this sense of Humor used in a positive or negative way? My characters sense of humor is reflected primarily on dramatic irony- the scenes and problems that occur to my character hidden as a man are humorous because the actions are conducted as a female and because the audience only knows about it they become more emotionally invested in the character and are more compassionate towards the situation making it more funny. 14. In real life, would you be your character's friend? Why or why not?Yes, I would definitely be my characters friend in real life because I am inspired by her courage and bilabial u to be strong and stick up for her dreams, beliefs and aspirations even after she suffered a server tremor of the loss of her brother. She shows commitment and proves that she will go to any extent to conquer her dreams and I would love to round myself with that positive and inspiring influence. 15. What is your character's most positive trait? My characters most positive trait is her persistence and courage to take risks to reach her goals. Hiding her identity to be with the man she loves could've lead to disastrous consequences, she not only would have suffered shame if her body was compromised but also the duke may not see it from Violas perspective and send her to Jail. 16. What is your character's status in the world? Does your character have money or power?My character has a low status in the world, this is the reason she goes to such extreme measures to be with Duke Rosin – because they both come from different walks of life and it is highly unlikely that the Duke will see Viola for who she truly is without being blinded by the hierarchy put out in society. 17. What are your character's major wants and desires? My characters major wants and desires are to be with her true love Duke Rosin . The complications arise because the Duke is in love with Olivia who is a high status, rich lady. Viola will do anything to be with the Duke even if it is to become his servant and send messages to the one he loves without ever realizing her feelings for him. 8. What is your character's major objective for this scene in the play in which he or she appears?In the scene, the characters major objective is to analyses the problems she has caused and try to think of a solution where she is left with the Duke. It is also in this scene when she realizes how out of hand the problem has become and that its too hard a knot for me to untie'. 19. How does your character go about achieving these major objectives? My character attempts to achieve these major goals by disguising herself as a boy and gets a Job to work for Duke Rosin. She feels the need to hide who she is to achieve her goals. 20. What is your character's life objective? My characters life objective is to gain the love and affecti on of Duke Rosin.After losing her brother Viola missed a manly influence in her life and longed to fill that hole with Duke Rosin to whom she had always been in love with and had chosen to pursue her dream to be with him. 21 . How does your character go about achieving his or her life objective? My character achieves her objective by pretending she is a male so she can work for the Duke and be closer to him and one step closer to his love. 2. Has your character changed by the end of the play. If so, in what ways? No, my character hasn't changed – in the end her intentions and goals were achieved when the Duke saw her for whom she truly was and accepted her as that, as well as the return of her brother whom she thought was lost.FEATURES OF ELIZABETHAN THEATRE: Dramatically exciting Exploring humanity on a social / personal level (Renaissance) Poetic language Words were most important Rhythmic/ poetic dialogue Symbolic imagery Elevated tone of speaking/ voice Use of Aside (whis pering to the audience) and Soliloquy (solo Speech, as though aligning/ thinking to yourself) Wednesday 23rd July: ABSENT Assessment review and recount: (27th August 2014) In term 3 our assigned assessment task was to create and present a performance essay based on the question ‘How is a historical style relevant to drama today I believe although this was a suitable question I personally struggled immensely with the performance and given the circumstances our group suffered I believe our performance doesn't reflect our individual abilities. When we received the question our main idea was to write about how Shakespeare ND Restoration theatre were both connected with each other and how they have influence drama and theatre in our modern society.But our main challenge was converting our ideas to a suitable performance that will not only appropriately answer the question but also to keep the audience entertained. It was also particularly challenging for our group because we had He ather absent for all of the lessons we had to work on the assessment – Heather played a prominent role in the script and I particularly struggled to change the lines and blocking with one less group member. After the script was complete I was definitely challenged by coming up with the blocking of the performance as I personally felt that our grouped lacked teamwork in presenting ideas and equally helping with the work load as well as committing to rehearsals.It was challenging also to reach the standards that I know the group can achieve without the commitment and determination to learn lines and blocking before the deadline from every member. After our group seemed prepared for the performance we were notified that Heather's lines and blocking must be included in the performance even if she was absent on the presentation day. This meant that we had to redelivers the script again as well as change the blocking to fit in another member. I definitely found this to be very conf using on our group as we were all confused about the lines and queues we were learning as it was constantly being changed. But luckily we received an extension on our assessment that definitely improved the group's confidence in performing the piece without using the script.I hope that in our upcoming performance we will be able to reflect to the audience the hard work that was put into the performance essay despite the complications hat occurred. In my opinion writing and performing the essay has been the most challenging drama assessment yet and I hope the next assessment will bring better luck and circumstances. In the future I hope to be more organized with the amount of work each person gets so that every member of the group will equally work on the assessment and one member wont be overloaded. I also now understand how much of a difference lack of energy can make to a performance and I hope that I have developed on these skills in not only increase the energy that I have but a lso my teammates which will evidently engage the audience better.

Make a research on a geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Make a research on a geography - Essay Example McDonald’s dates its origin to the opening of a franchised restaurant by Ray Kroc, in Des Plaines, Illinois in the year 1955, the ninth McDonalds restaurant overall. Ray Kroc in the later years purchased the McDonald brothers equity in the company and launched its worldwide expansion. In fact the company became so popular that with the successful expansion into the international markets it was called as the symbol of globalization. However, in the recent years it was also debated that the company was responsible for spreading unhealthy eating habits and has increased the incidence of obesity and other health problems. Besides, its prominence has also made it a common subject of public debates about corporate ethics and consumer responsibility. McDonalds restaurants are found in about 100-120 countries and territories around the world. In general, it is estimated that it serve nearly 54 million customers each day. McDonalds has become symbolic of globalization and since it is directly identified with United States culture and lifestyle, its expansion into the international market has been pointed out by critics as a part of Americanization and American cultural imperialism. Anti-globalization is a common term used to describe the political stance of people and groups who oppose the aspects of globalization and McDonalds remains a target of anti-globalization protesters worldwide (Wikipedia, 2007). Additionally, film’s such as â€Å"Super Size Me† that explores the horror of school lunch programs, declining health and physical education classes, food addictions were also blaming fast food restaurants like McDonald’s. Even will all these resistance and reparations in the world around, the company has improved and grown with more than 31,800 flagship restaurants serving burgers and fries in different countries and today McDonalds is more than a household name. It is estimated that about 30% of its locations are company-owned

School Uniforms Gang Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

School Uniforms Gang Effect - Essay Example Both of these words are sometimes abbreviated as "quote(s)". Block quote  is another punctuation mark which is also called  long quotation  or  extracts quotation. It is a  quotation  in a written document that is set off from the main text as a paragraph or block of text, and typically distinguished visually using  indentation  and a different  typeface or smaller size quotation. This is in contrast to setting it off with quotation marks in a  run-in quote.   Apart from quotation marks not being used to enclose block quotations, there are no hard-and-fast rules for the exact formatting of block quotations. (Susan, pg. 360) In conclusion style for using a block quotation is preferred when extracting text that has 100 words or more, or approximately six to eight lines in a typical manuscript than using quotes. To a large extent the specific format may be dictated by the method of publication such handwritten  text,  typewritten  pages, or  electronic publishing as well as the  typeface  being

Does more calculus improve student learning in intermediate micro and Essay

Does more calculus improve student learning in intermediate micro and macroeconomic theory - Essay Example Does learning calculus really improve learning micro and macroeconomics theory The question seems important to improve the student performance in economics theory. This will also help in understanding why the student with poor calculus understanding finds it hard to grasp the concepts in micro and macroeconomic theory. The calculus itself is a very vast topic categorized in to two parts the differential and integral calculus. Which of these two parts share close proximity with economics theory The undergraduate economics prerequisite should be specifically for differential or integral or for both In the following paragraphs I intend to address this question of significance of calculus learning for the intermediate students learning micro and macroeconomic theory by replicating the article, "Does more calculus improve student learning in intermediate micro and macroeconomic theory", Co-authored by J.S. Butler, T. Aldrich Finegan and John J. Siegfried from the department of economics, university of Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN 37235, USA, published in the journal o f applied econometrics , mar/apr 1998; 13,2. The students records of nearly all the Vanderbilt university undergraduates who entered the college of Arts and Science as freshmen during the August 1983 -1986 and studied Microeconomic theory (micro -2) or intermediate Macroeconomic theory (macro -2)or both, constituted the d... The independent variable here is the calculus course taken by the students. Depending on the variety of calculus course available the key independent variables were seven namely Math 170, Math 171A-B, Math 172 A-B, Math 221 A-B and Math 222. The dependent variable is performance in micro-2 and macro -2. A two stage estimation procedure was used to cope with the problem of selection bias. In the first stage ordered probit model was used to predict the highest level of calculus attained by each student prior to taking each intermediate theory course. In the second stage the grades in Micro-2 or Macro-2 (the dependent variable)is regressed on the actual level of the calculus attained (independent variable). This can be written in simple words as the grades earned in the calculus course are used to predict the grade in the economic course. The ability and motivation of the students became the control variables. The ordinary least square estimation is used as there are twelve categories of grades depicting cardinal measure of performance. The ordered probit was appropriate for the purpose of this study as the various calculus courses can be ordered in accordance with the difficulty of the course material covered, whereas the difference in the courses can't be measured cardinallly. Indivi duals are the units of abservation. Table one Calculus courses taken by Vanderbilt undergraduates: descriptions and ranking in the ordered probit Course (credit hours) Description Math 170 (4) Analytic Geometry and calculus: A basic course in rudiments of analytic geometry and differential and integral calculus, with emphasis on application. Designed for students who do not plan to further study the calculus. No background in

Risks and Optimal Capital Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Risks and Optimal Capital Structure - Essay Example USA being a relatively efficient and informed market environment. Risks tend to be closely correlated with returns expected. The components of risks that are unique to US alone include: 1. Inflation risk._ inflation can provide a way to keep up with or stay ahead of inflation. It is defined as the rise in general levels of prices. During high period of inflation, there is a risk that the financial return of an investment will not keep pace with the inflation rate. It reduces the purchasing power, besides; this risk varies form one investment to the other. Small businesses can be seriously affected because this risk can not be insulated against such risk. 2. Market risk: _ the prices of stocks, bonds, mutual funds and various commodities and even services may fluctuate because of the behaviour of investors in the market place. As a result, economic growth is not as systematic and predictable as most investors might believe. Periods of rapid expansion are followed by periods of recession; it may be quite difficult to sell investments like real estate. Fluctuations in the market price for stocks and bonds may have nothing to do with the fundamental changes in the financial health of small businesses. Common causes of such fluctuations can be caused by political or social conditions. 3. 3. Interest rate risk _ this risk is associated with a fixed return investment in preferred stocks or government bonds. It is the result of changes in the interest rates in the economy. The value of these fixed investment securities and borrowed investment funds decreases when overall interest rates increase. 4. Global investment risk__Nowadays small businesses have become global hubs, as the world has become increasingly interconnected into a global village. Small traders keep their investments in foreign companies and other global players and this creates additional risks due to exchange rate in international currencies as exchange rates directly affect returns. 5. Business failure risk_ this is associated with the possibility of bad management, unsuccessful products, competition, or many other factors that can cause the business to be less profitable than originally anticipated. Lower profits would mean lower dividends or no dividends at all. Businesses can also close down due to bankruptcy too. Optimal capital structure means that businesses decide on what the best ratio is, between equity or owners capital and borrowed or debt should be. When such is carefully done, businesses should minimize borrowings as much as to avoid paying high interest on them. Incases from capital contributed from outsiders, corporations should first pay them (obligatorily) before paying themselves .this posses the question of maintaining an optimal capital structure to businesses regardless of their magnitude. REFERNCES 1. Financial management journal vol.33, 2004. 2. www.fma, 2007 3. Geoffrey A.Hirt and Stanley block, fundamentals of investment management 2003. 4. Kapoor Dlabay, personal finance 6th edition 2001. 5. Richard loth, www.investopedia.com, evaluating a company's capital structure, Oct

Corp case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corp case study - Essay Example t Darden, Doman & Stafford Associates (DDA) accepted the obligation of a corporation not yet formed and did not hold John Goodman as a responsible individual, as noted in the dissenting opinion (John A. Goodman 7). When it cannot be concluded by evidence that the parties to the contract other than the promoter, looked solely to the corporation and not to the promoter for performance of the contract, the promoter becomes liable for the preincorporation contract made by him. As such decision was passed against Goodman, making him liable under the preincorporation contract (John A. Goodman 3). As Goodman or the promoter in this case alleged that DDS agreed to look solely to the corporation, he will have the burden of proving the agreement. The release of the promoter depends on the intent of the party when the promoter depends on the agreement. However, Goodman’s arguments that the terms â€Å"in formation† in the contract and â€Å"†¦ warranties contained herein shall be construed to have been made between seller and resultant corporation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  were in fact ambiguous as they did not expressly state about the release from personal liability of the promoter (John A. Goodman 5-6). While determining whether the trial court’s decision was correct based on the evidence, the court found that the trial court gave its decision in favor of Goodman based on three considerations, which are: 1) DDS knew the corporation did not exist; 2) The fact that Doman was informed by Goodman about the formation of the corporation; and 3) progress payments were made to the corporation. However, the above considerations are not dispositive in any way of the intent of DDS to hold Goodman personally liable. As such the evidence not being substantial to show the intent to release Goodman from his personal liability, he was held a party to the contract (John A. Goodman 6- 7). The decision concurs with the general rule that a promoter is liable for a preincorporation contract made for the

Good and bad survey Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Good and bad survey - Research Paper Example The survey questionnaire on Appendix II is also about a short product evaluation, seeking to obtain information as to how many people used the product, know its efficiency and convenience of its usage and some suggestions to improve it. The point of the work at hand is to evaluate these two sample surveys as to why one of them must be a good or bad survey, with important justifications coming from Chapter 6 and Chapter 8 of the text. The survey questionnaire in Appendix I consists of questions that are of varying data levels with corresponding scale. The most common are the nominal and ordinal scales. The good thing about using the ordinal scale in the question is that it avoids overlap in question options, allowing the marketer to thoroughly evaluate their product performance in the market. The use of nominal and ordinal scale in the questionnaire also prevents the proponent to come up with a bias reporting. In the first place, the choices given were able to suggest the prevailing opinion of the users or respondents and this means that not a hint coming from the proponent or research conductor could be found. For this reason, all of the questions stated in Appendix I can lead the proponent to get rid of probable bias and misleading the respondents. All the questions simply employ words that are not overstating the condition. They all not require the respondent to guess, because they absolutely want to dig up th e real opinion of the respondents without any hint of influence or bias coming from the research conductor. In addition, the survey questionnaire also uses an open-ended question that seeks to find out the exact information that should have to come from the respondents. The open-ended question is free from any hint of bias and even will lead to the determination of the exact information that the research conductor would want to find out. Regarding all of these bases, the survey questionnaire in Appendix I is a good

Measuring Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Measuring Performance - Essay Example This report is fundamentally structured in two parts such that first part of the report highlights financial analysis of FDP with the help of ratio analysis. Last part of the report evaluates the non-financial indicators through Balanced Scorecard. Conclusion is provided at the end of this report which summarizes the performance of FDP. Background Information Cut throat competition, shrinkage in profits and increasing redundancies turned out to be the prime factors that lead FDP to change its business strategy. The company’s streamline business used to have both non-urgent and urgent delivery system of the parcel from both mail order companies as well as from internet retailers. The normal non-urgent parcel delivery system used to take around 5 to 7 working days but due to excessively increasing and tightening situation of competition especially with the entrance of international players, it has become extremely difficult for FDP now to survive in such closed competitive envir onment of the non-urgent parcel delivery system. The board of directors of the company has realized all the situations and considered different options in order to boost the revenues of FDP. The final strategy that has been selected by the board is the discontinuance of the non-urgent parcel delivery system by replacing a fast urgent delivery system which would ensure that every parcel is delivered to its recipient within 2 hours of the order booking. Such adoption of the strategy requires significant amount of investment in the existing operations of the business as the company requires more infrastructure and advancements in its communication and information technology based machines. It is intended to provide the parcel delivery personnel a notebook computer along with a parcel scanner such that they are linked with the central database system of FDP. Through all this communication devices, the tracking, collection and delivery of parcels would be delivered with much more conveni ence as well as ensuring their delivery less than 2 hours. The board has also decided to charge the premium price in respect of the urgent delivery system from the customers. Impact of Implementation of New Strategy upon the Financial Performance of FDP This strategy would be implemented from 1 December, 2011. Therefore, the impact of the change in strategy would definitely change company’s financial performance for the upcoming year. The performance of the company in respect of its profitability, leverage, efficiency, liquidity and financing has been discussed as under: Profitability Profitability is the most highly concerned area of financial performance as it is the basis upon which every business decision is taken whether it is small as per company’s perspective or large. Whatever the decision the company takes, everyone is interested to know as what would be the impact of that decision upon the profitability position of the company. Generally there are few profita bility ratios that actually highlight the profitability in terms of various different perspectives. Some of those ratios are discussed as under: Net Profit Margin The company was struggling to maintain a steady growth rate in terms of its Net profit Margin in the past two years but with the implementation of the new strategy, the company can stabilize the growth rate of net profit margin

Job Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Job Outsourcing - Essay Example However, the opponents of the view that job outsourcing has positive effect on the US economy argue that hiring people outside the US significantly affect the US economy in a negative way as it strips many Americans of jobs (Kehal, 2006). It is in the light of these arguments that this paper will discuss how job outsourcing exactly affect the US economy. Both sides of the debate have valid points. Ching (2009) observes that studies have shown that outsourcing has contributed to the loss of employment opportunities in the US. This has had detrimental effect not only to those who are minimally qualified for employment, but also to those who have the skills because even skilled labor jobs are being outsourced to other countries (Hira and Hira, 2005). Availability of fewer jobs for unskilled and skilled workers due to job outsourcing has dire economic consequences to the US economy, especially in respect to increasing the levels of poverty and reducing tax revenues and consumer spending. Kehal (2006) argues that while job outsourcing may help companies to reduce costs, it may have detrimental effect on the companies in the end. This is because availability of fewer jobs due to outsourcing reduces spending power of the consumers, thereby reducing companies’ revenues (Hira & Hira, 2005). ... This outcome has a direct effect not only on the federal and companies’ spending, but also on the US economy in general. Job outsourcing also helps to lower the wages and this means that companies will be able to do production with less expense, thereby transferring benefits to the consumers (Kehal, 2006). This is the point that the supporters use to dispute arguments that job outsourcing reduces the availability of job opportunities. They argue that lower prices will lead to increased consumer spending, and that companies will be in a position to hire additional workers in the United States because they will be paying fewer wages for workers outside the country (Ching, 2009). It has also been argued that job outsourcing positively affects the US economy as it gives jobs to people in less developed countries, which improves their economies. As a result, the US is able to increase trade and investments with these countries, therefore promoting the US economy (Kehal, 2006). Besi des, job outsourcing increases the ability of the less developed countries to pay back their debts to the US, which not only promotes better political relationship, but also sustainable economic cooperation and improvement (Wood & Maniam, 2009). However, it has been argued that job outsourcing tend to deteriorate the economic and political relationships with the less developed countries. This view is informed by the argument that not all people in the countries where job outsourcing is done benefit economically from the process. Some of the companies have been accused of not providing humane working conditions (Ching, 2009). In some cases, for instance, outsourced work may be performed in inhumane working

The Solar System Essay Example for Free

The Solar System Essay Astronomers have found a new dwarf planet far beyond Plutos orbit, suggesting that this distant realm contains millions of undiscovered objects — including, perhaps, a world larger than Earth. The newfound celestial body, called 2012 VP113, joins the dwarf planetSedna as a confirmed resident of a far-flung and largely unexplored region scientists call the inner Oort Cloud. Further, 2012 VP113 and Sedna may have been pulled into their long, looping orbits by a big planet lurking unseen in these frigid depths. These two objects are just the tip of the iceberg, study co-author Chadwick Trujillo, of the Gemini Observatory in Hawaii, told Space. com. They exist in a part of the solar system that we used to think was pretty devoid of matter. It just goes to show how little we actually know about the solar system. [New Dwarf Planet Photos The orbits of Sedna (orange) and dwarf planet 2012 VP113 (red). Also shown are the orbits of the giant planets (purple). The Kuiper belt is the dotted light blue region. Illustration: Scott S Sheppard/Carnegie Institution for Science Astronomers have increased the size of the observable solar system after spotting a 450-km wide object orbiting the sun. The lump of ice and rock circles the sun at a greater distance than any known object, and never gets closer than 12bn kilometres – 80 times the distance from Earth to the sun. If its size is confirmed it could qualify as a dwarf planet in the same category as Pluto. Researchers said the discovery proves the existence of the inner Oort cloud, a region of icy bodies that lies far beyond the orbit of Neptune – which at 4.5bn kilometres from the sun is the most remote  planet in the solar system. Until a proper name is decided upon, the body is known only as 2012 VP113. According to the science journal Nature, the team that discovered it call it VP for short, or Biden, after US vice president Joe Biden. Its pink tinge comes from radiation damage that alters the make-up of frozen water, methane and carbon dioxide on the surface. Though exciting in its own right, the discovery raises a more tantalising prospect for many astronomers: that a Super Earth up to 10 times the mass of our planet orbits the sun at such a great distance that it has never been seen.

Etihad Airways Selection Techniques Analysis

Etihad Airways Selection Techniques Analysis In principle, to ensure that Etihad Airways company moves towards addressing differences in the work-force profile, such Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew assistance should be available for any possible to ask who meets the basic requirements of the job. () On the other words, the job advertisement, which should be closely based on the person specification, where appropriate, includes detailed reason for significant professional individuals to seek. A mechanism for applications should be specified, which would generally be in the shape of a standard Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew application form designed to obtain information relevant to the job. Furthermore, every applicant ought to obey through the application course of action. The selection decision should eventually be made by more than one person who has a thorough knowledge of the work required for the Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew position. Moreover, a Selection Panel is, as a result, requisite, which ought to take account at least single person who has been trained in selection practices, furthermore understands Etihad Airways groups selection procedure. All members of the selection committee ought to be implicated in the short-listing procedures. () On the other hand, the candidate specification for the Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew position will figure the starting point of the selection resolution. Additionally, records ought to be kept on the scope to which every nominee meets up the necessities of every feature of the nominee pattern. 3) Selecting Best Candidate: In todays changing environment, one of the biggest challenges facing Human and Resources Managers is recruiting and retaining employees with the right skills. For that reason, a framework of ethical practice, the Recruitment and Selection should be developed in conjunction with employers along with the specialists as an externally assessable tool to assist employers with recruitment issues. On the other hand, selection process is a later stage of the recruitment. Since, it involves choosing appropriate along with qualified applicants suited to the job. Moreover, selection is a social, interactive entertainment as well as skill development, which are recommended for the use of structured and tested methods to achieve objectivity, reliability along with reduced risk in addition to uncertainty. In Etihad Airways Company, many prospective interviewees might comprise the essential character for the effectual presentation of the Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew occupation, but require experience or even credentials throughout not having appropriate chances. () For that reason, mare and more care ought to be taken, and so, in the specification of requirements of the Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew post has to be ensured since statements of action in addition to type of event along with academic as well as training requirements are justified. The terms and conditions under which the Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew position holder is to be engaged should be reliable with the present workforce policies of Etihad Airways Company. () Etihad Airways Company might use a merit-based way to optimize the potential for selecting the most suitable candidate for Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew job. The method, which may be, used a combination of written application, behavioral based interview questions, testing or even presentations. This approach has been established in Etihad Airways Company to ensure the best possible selection moreover that there is not fairness on foundation unconnected to the necessities of the Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew position. () On the other hand, each ignoring of such a situation ought to be sustained through a written depiction of the function as well as tasks of the same vacant position. Therefore, this will typically be in the appearance of an occupation description of the Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew position. () Care is needed in their arrangements to ensure that all aspects are justified. On the other hand, such post description ought to be escorted through a comprehens ive individual requirement that will figure the foundation of whichever selection assessment for the appointment of Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew. Since objectivity is hard to get through interview alone, a variety of selection manners may be established, extremely close based on the individual requirements for Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew position, which may contain work-related tests or even assessments. Nevertheless, thought might be taken when selecting or even designing tests along with analyzing their results to make sure that they are available from unfairness. Interview questions might be chosen with care moreover, designed to obtain the information covered in the person specification. Particular attention should be taken to fill up using questions, which might indicate a desire to make a call into account inappropriate material. Interview format as well as contented should be applied consistently toward every candidates interviewed. Records might be held for every of the candidates which represent the position to which the requirements of the different parameters were met. Furthermore, these records might be kept for at least of six months following the selection. Candidates might want to take delivery of response about their performance in the selection process. Moreover, such feedback may only be provided with a reasonable person directly involved in the selection decision. The purpose of an interview is to obtain specific data from a candidate to resolve his or even her aptitude to carry out the occupation. However, successful interviewers learn how to use the right kind questions, how to avoid the candidate talking about facts data knowledge, moreover how to pay attention. A great deal of what is educated concerning candidates in an interview is found on their previous practices. On the other hand, past performance is the best indicator of future performance. Consequently, this does not signify that somebody who had carried out badly in the earlier period cannot enhance in skills as well as thoughts. Generally, however, It can be seen a change in working through specific jobs or assignments. () Sometimes interviewers believe that an applicant who has done somewhat has made it fine or that prolonged existence on a Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew position is a sign of success. A credit record can corroborate the excellence of the work presentation. It is necessary to be well prepared when conducting the interview to ensure the recruitment process remains effective, clear and consistent, and to preserve the most suitable candidate for the position of the Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew. 4) Candidate Orientation: Recruitment and selection grant managers to establish and steadily uplift the behavioral characteristics and the ability of the workforce. The appeal for most attention has focused on people with a preference for working through others as opposed to the individualist preferred by recruiters earlier. Attention has switched from testing lists of skills and abilities to broader-based competencies. In general, there is a greater concern for personal flexibility along with adaptability, a reorientation from the contribution towards future stability. Offer letters are contractual agreements between the employee and Etihad Airways Company. Therefore, considerable care should be taken to secure that the information contained in them is true also that all parties involved understand all of its components. The concern section or department should have approval from the management on all points contained in a proposal before it is extended. The same sector at Etihad Airways Company will be held liable for any prohibited items contained in offers. To avoid future confusion, departments at Etihad Airways Company, should take suitable documents for whichever obligations made to a nominee for the situation of the Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew. It is much easier to maintain certification to submit to somewhat than depend on remembrance, particularly given that the propose might extent numerous years, additionally there may be a variety of sources. () This offer letter with the start date, title, work location, supervisor, and wages should be sent to the one selected, with a copy in the personnel files. Etihad Airways Company should respond in writing with an acceptance letter. Moreover, offer letters may serve as a legally binding contract. Therefore, it should be avoid terms such as permanent or career, these may cause significant strain. Hiring employees are like a business transaction, not terribly different from selecting supplies for Etihad Airways Company. When a need for supplies. Then it may be looked for merchandise that is of exceptional quality and an agreeable deal. Similarly, it is known what it may be needed in Etihad Airways Company; now it may be looked for someone whose skills and qualifications meet your business needs. A good way to improve the questioning technique is to examine. Practice the phrasing of questions prior to conducting interviews. Add some specific questions to the interviews and evaluate the types of responses it might be tried. Analysis each interview to learn how to improve the style. Good questioning skills can positively enhance the interviewing success. Taking the time to check references, it is worth it. Therefore, checking references can be a time consuming task as well Etihad Airways Company had abandoned the idea of doing some more than a cursory verification of a few facts. For that reason, the cost to Etihad Airways Company of a hiring error is harmful; it is preferable to take the time to get the right selection procedure in the primary situate. On the other hand, Etihad Airways programs provide challenging with unprecedented opportunities for shared reflection. In this way, such conduct creates in Etihad Airways learning surroundings contained by a compassionate impression, which in revolve carry about learning conclusion away from those of the classic cases in the Etihad Airways. () Given that such appearance which can be more sensible than replications, furthermore while it offers an opportunity for career through the same experience in the Etihad Airways, it proves extremely useful in training and complex situations where resistance to change is endemic or where an attitude of certain conservative thinking exists. () Moreover, Etihad Airways Provide a cost effective, best practice approaches to training and development through effective implementation of the new framework of qualifications of Etihad Airways staff. 5) Techniques Evaluation: In such case, we have a Project Manager Emirati Cabin Crew position, as a valid case, Etihad Airways Company strategic approach to hiring, retaining along with promoting staff has resulted in superior illustration at all ranks of the company. Etihad Airways Company supports local employees through its Emiratization Employee Networks. A Strategic Approach started at earlier stages by the senior leadership, Etihad Airways Company provides tools for managing employees, working with their supervisors to develop career paths, moreover, develop skills along with experiences that work toward achieving their career aspirations. Advantages of Etihad Airways Selection Techniques: 1) Using technology for efficiency reasons: Etihad Airways might be acting as the first group who utilized computerized systems at its work. That is not excluding accounts and business activities, besides converting most of its exchanges and transmissions works into the digital era. 2) Replace people with technology: As more of technology is introduced, less of people might be required to achieve the same job. One of the main goals of Etihad Airways is to reduce the percentage of the junior workers because they are not UAE local people and Etihad Airways has not gained more power to execute such percentage. Disadvantages of Etihad Airways Selection Techniques: 1. Lower labor costs: Although Etihad Airways tries to seduce local UAE people to the people by giving them particularly attractive compensation, in consequence, they are paying less for learning junior staff comparing to the other sector in UAE such like Etihad staff. In addition, Etihad Airways adopted 5 working days per week for help duties; but operational functions are working in shifts. Etihad Airways is depending more on contractors labor history for some of its use and external works requirements. 2. Low cost recruitment and training: Etihad Airways is exceedingly rare to fight for job vacancy, as it is performing a beautiful place to identify at UAE market. On the other hand, for junior staff, it is usually employing directly from Asian low wages countries. On the other hand, Etihad depends on its training center at Abu Dhabi for most of senior staff and all lower staff. More to the fact, which is conducting in consideration consultation and training sessions at specified places of work. Training there is only for local UAE senior staff. Therefore, in order to fulfill the recommendations made in the Etihad Airways Company overview and to be effectively implemented the reform agenda and the learning management system, the goals are: Employment at Etihad Airways, should comply with the real demand of the work force in Etihad Airways Company in order to avoid unnecessary utilization. At Etihad Airways, comprehensive computerized tests should be introduced in order to have a fair assessment of potential candidates covering basic skills to have such as computer applications, management and analytical skills. Recruitment strategies at Etihad Airways, should abide through other parts of human resources such as reimbursement and training, which have a significant impact on attracting and retaining this active labor force. In order to achieve the desired percentage of Emiratization at Etihad Airways, take over should be minimized to a reasonable rate and that cannot be reached without an efficient coordination with other departments in Etihad Airways Company, compensation, training and development, employee relations to look over the main constraints for the high percentage of turnover. Planning and Follow-up Section at Etihad Airways, should reflect the assigned functions/roles to follow up new recruits job after joining the company, that is includes providing appropriate training programs, career development and solving grievances in order to help retaining these high caliper employees. Applying through the Internet at Etihad Airways, should be introduced to improve the image of Etihad Airways Company and make it easy for the applicants. Applicants can offer their resumes also fill up in the arranged application figure as well as to have more accommodation options such as reserving the timely and perfect timing for taking the test and interview. Advertisement in newspapers for specific positions at Etihad Airways might introduce in order to get the most appropriate people needed to register on the needed time. Etihad Airways Company should try to eliminate all obstacles and difficulties in the way to achieve its pivotal position to determine amortization percentage to respectful one by analyzing reasons of development and try to minimize it.

Examining The Automotive Industry In Malaysia Economics Essay

Examining The Automotive Industry In Malaysia Economics Essay The industry I have chosen is the automotive Industry in Asean in particular Malaysia and to go more indepth I took proton as a good case study what is happening to the Malaysian automotive industry. Why Malaysia? Malaysia has a strong driving culture and one of the highest penetration rates of cars per capita in the world (Bonami, 2005, p. S3), as well as the growing clout of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) markets, Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional Berhad (PROTON) as an appropriate sample available at (http://www.proton.com) Brief introduction about proton The first national car project by Malaysia was undertaken with the establishment of Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional (PROTON) in 1983. The Proton Saga was produces 1985. Proton nowadays produces a number of car models and variants, including the Iswara, Perdana,Wira, Satria, Putra,Waja and most recently, the GEN-2 and Satria Neo. The latest 104 M. Rosli F. Kari models, as reported, use Malaysian developed engines through collaboration between Proton and its subsidiary, Lotus (United Kingdom) . . Political and economic structures, including cultural attitudes relevant to the business; According to ( Rasiah, 2005) Malaysia continues to protect its automobile industry against the conditions in the Trade related Investment Measures (TRIMs) agreement of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the inclusion of automotives under the common effective preferential tariffs (CEPT) under the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Free Trade Area (AFTA) process has brought increasing pressure for the removal of localization-based tariff protection of automotives and parts production in the country Stimulatory and Protective Measures set by the Malaysian government The development of the Malaysian automotive industry is heavily depending upon the undivided support of the government. Various stimulatory and protective measures, such as investment incentives, a local content policy, and tariff and nontariff barriers were implemented to stimulate the development of both local automotive and parts production. Proton in particular is a unique case because of its status as the first national project. To date, the largest shareholders in Proton are still government-controlled agencies, namely Khazanah Nasional Berhad (42.7 per cent), the Employees Provident Fund (12.6 per cent), and Petronas (9.8 per cent). Temasek Holdings Pte. Ltd, a Singapore investment merged as a new shareholder with a 5 per cent Holding ( Rosli.M KariF 2008). The government has also provided many incentives under the 1986 Promotion of Investment Act. In particular the Pioneer Status and Investment Tax Allowance are the two most lucrative tax incentives granted to companies involved in promoted activities or products that are, from time to time, determined by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). In order to help to develop national capabilities in the automobile Industry in a sustainable but competitive way, the Malaysian government initially provided protection, allowing Proton( and other Malaysian car manufacturers) to withstand some early environmental downturns (Todd, 1986). For example, import duties were set at roughly 21% on domestic components, as compared to 40% on the equivalent foreign parts. This implies that there was a substantial difference in price between foreign imported cars and proton cars. Moreover, PROTON cars required excise duties of only 11%, while foreign branded automobiles were taxed up to 25%. Further, the authorities demanded car assemblers charge a profit margin of 16 to 17% to avoid price wars (Zafar A. Humpreys J. 2008). This all resulted into that Proton was totally protected in any kind of way of the way to potential success was predetermined in Malaysia. Economic structure Cultural attitudes In Malaysia there is general consensus that the automobile industry is one of the drivers of world economic growth and has the potential to shape how we make things . . . , how we work . . . , what we buy, how we think and the way we live(Womack, Jones, Roos, 1990, p. 11). Therefore the Malaysian economy has always been heavily depending upon the automobile industry or product which are complementary to that, such as petrol in which Malaysia has one of the biggest oil( Petronas) producing companies in Asia.As mentioned earlier a strong driving culture exists in Malaysia and owing a car is culturally considered as a status symbol of wealth and prosperity. Moreover, the plan has been since the 1970s to turn Malaysia into the League of Developed Nations under the visionary leadership of Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, and was introduced in a national development policy document entitled Vision 2020(Zafar A. Humpreys J. 2008) This is important, from a economical points of view as Malaysia has not gone through the usual industrial stages, which implies highly skilled, labor-intensive to mass production (semi skilled, limited products) to multi skilled, mass customization (Simpson, Sykes, Abdullah, 1998). . Nature of international trade in ASEAN, now and historically (say ten years ago); Currently, Asean is near to create an integrated economic community that will free movements of goods, services, investment, capital and skilled labor within the 10 Asean countries. An AEC characterized by a single market and production base allows for economies of scale, investment flows and building business linkages and network to promote further commerce. The future looks bright for Asean due to fully rebound of the economic crisis. It is expected that Asean private demand picks up, export will increase and social safety will be more enhanced. However, the Economic Community pillar has introduced at AEC scorecard, which list down the measures to be undertaken and the achievements to date. Thus, far Asean only has a 75.5% achievement rate for the 2008/2009 measures. Asean has to do a number of things if it is to achieve its goal of building an AEC by 2015. This current year exports of Asean are expecting to rise between 4.9% and 5.6 % after a 1.5% growth in 2009. In the area of services Asean members are close to completing the 7th AFAS package of service commitments covering varying levels of commitments in 65 services Hub sectors. The service sector of Asean received the highest amount of FDI, accounting for more than 50% of total Aseans FDI. The sign are good and Asean will see a further increasing growth this year and currently capital flows are increasing, inflation remains low and manageable and Asean currencies appreciate slightly versus the Euro and US$. History Since the adoption of the AEC blueprint in 2007, significant progress has been made towards achieving the AEC in 2015. In Janaury 2010, The Asean-6 achieved zero tariffs covering 99 and for the CLMV 98% and at 0.5 % tariff rates of the total tariff covering under the common effective preferential tariffs for asean free trade area(CEPT-AFTA). Also in the same month Asean saw the realization of Asean-China and Asean-Korea free trade agreements and the commencement of the implementation of the Asean- Australia-New Zealand free trade agreements and Asean India free trade agreement. Since 2000 Asean exports rose from US$68 billion to US$162.5 billion in 2009. Asean imports of services from the world market has also expanded markedly, of similar trend and magnitutude as exports, increasing two-fold from US$ 86.6 to US$ 180.4 billion in 2009 In investment, Asean has witnessed a steady increase in intra-Asean FDI flows accouting for 18.2% ( US$ 10.8 billion) of total Asean FDI ( US$ 59.7 billion) inflows in 2008, compared with a share of 13.82% in 2006. For the same period, total FDI inflows increased by 8.59%. Source: Asean Roundtable 2010. Achieving the asean economic growth 2015: Challenges for Member countries 29th April 2010. Aseans Readinesss in achieving the Asean economic community 2015. Pushpanathan Sundram Regional governments attitude towards international trade and investments, both outward and inward; The ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA) is a regional free trade agreement among Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand,the Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei, Vietnam, Cambodia,Laos, and Myanmar. The ten participating countries agreed to develop a free trade area that would become a single market with more than 550 million potential consumers (Bonami, 2005). An integrated ASEAN would be the eighth-largest automobile market, with 1 million new car sales each year. With projected growth trends, it has the potential to actually become the fourth largest auto market, with as many as 2.2 million new autosales annually (Seeking for Bigger Share, 2002). The creation of the free trade zone in Southeast Asia allowed PROTON greater access to its neighboring countries. While good news from the marketing front, AFTA would also set the stage for greater future competition for which PROTON was inadequately prepared. (Zafar A. Humpreys J. 2008) The protective tariff regime, which imposed rates of up to 300% on imported cars and helped PROTON to gain dominate market share has been phased out. In line with AFTA, all but a few import tariffs will be reduced to between 0 and 5% by 2008 (Shameen,2005). The increasing level of international competition puts the Malaysian firm in a very vulnerable position (Savage, 2005, p. 20). With plants, contract assembly, and/or joint ventures in Britain, Italy, Iran, Indonesia, Vietnam, and China (Bonami, 2005), . Although Malaysias overall automobile sales increased dramatically in 2005, the escalating competition saw PROTON continue its domestic decline (Edwin, 2005). Even with limited protective barriers still in place, the firms Malaysian market share had declined from roughly 70% to 45% in the previous five-year period (Burton, 2005). In response, PROTON is looking to expand its export efforts within the ASEAN region, the Mediterranean countries . . . , the Middle East, China, as well as India and Russia to a lesser extent (Bonami, 2005, p. S5). While this is clearly a reasonable course of action, as exports account for less than 5% for Malaysian automakers versus the roughly 60% in Japan (Bonami, 2005), production capacity is still comparatively very small. PROTON, notwithstanding its earlier intentions of a large-scale strategy, is simply not big enough to gain economies of scale to compete effectively in the export market against giant global competitors (Shameen, 2005). The company has also been slow to market itself effectively around the world. Recent years have seen the organization neglect its prior efforts at branding, which has led to a cheap car image, even in the domestic market (Savage, 2005, p. 20). According to Rajeev Lochan, general manager, Asia-Pacific, TNS Automotive, While the short-term challenge is to provide a promotional thrust to models in its current line-up, the long-term requires PROTON to invest in revamping its aging product portfolio and reposition its brand to reach a wider base of prospective car buyers (Savage, 2005, p. 20). The stakes are very high, as approximately 100,000 jobs are on the line when considering PROTON and its component supply chain (Burton, 2005). By signing the AFTA agreement by the Malaysian government PROTON has to find alternative ways how to compete successfully with all its foreign competitors. Specify potential areas of intra-regional conflicts (if any) and synergies; As mentioned before Proton is a classic case of a long-protected national champion that is struggling as the market opens up and a perfect example of intra-regional conflict with its neighboring countries such as Thailand and Indonesia where the car market is liberalised. In 2002 its domestic market share was more than 60%. That has now fallen to 44% after Malaysia reluctantly agreed with its partners in the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) to drop import barriers on ASEAN cars to around 20%, from up to 300% previously. And the process is just beginning: Malaysia actually fudged the market opening by simultaneously hiking excise taxes on the imported cars. But by 2008 the country has to do away with such sophistry and cut import duties to 5% The trouble is that Malaysias politicians and managers have failed to realise how vulnerable Proton is, says Graeme Maxton, director of automotive research group Autopolis. The Malaysians see it as a world-class carmaker with great export potential; the reality is that it is too small to survive in a global market dominated by just a dozen huge carmakers. Proton is off the scale in terms of economies of scale, says Mr Maxton, and it will slowly die once the market opens up. Hence, I argue that it is that it is undesirable to pursue such a strategy because on the long term this expensive project( proton and the automotive industry in Malaysia) will impose heavy costs on the government. The establishment of PROTON has to be attributed to the vision of the Malaysian government. The firm successfully positioned itself as the national car and pride of Malaysia, a symbol of its countrys accomplishment on the global stage. I agree that government initiation of a national champion (Donnelly et al., 2002) is certainly a powerful force for the vision and subsequent emergence of a developing country. The conflict which might arise is that Malaysia still is not willing to open up its car market completely to protect its own interest. This might result into intra-regional conflicts between Asean members. Especially between its neighboring countries because there is sufficient expertise available and this can be applied and used at the Malaysian carmarket (Zafar A. Humpreys J. 2008). This is the key problem that has prevented the government of Malaysia from signing ant bilateral Free Trade Agreements despite several attemps. For example the partnership with Japan in 2006, is called Economic Partnership Agreement is not compared to a fully eligible fta. Currently in Malaysia the call for liberalization and subsidies faced by industries (automotive) has remained an obstancle to greater integration in AEC. Synergies regarding the automotive in Malaysia are not available, futher it is difficult to determine the synergies between other automotive industries such as Thailand and Indonesia because the Malaysian automotive industry is a unique example compared to relative liberased automotive markets( Thailan Indonesia). Asean Roundtable 2010. Achieving the Asean Economic Community 2015:Challenges for Member countries. 29 April 2010, Singapore. Towards an Integrated Asian Economic Community. Where is Malaysia? Rajah Rasiah Application of suitable management model(s) to analyze findings According to the literature both models of porter can be applied to the Malaysian Automotive industry, however, Porters diamond also acknowledges the role the governmental forces and luck can play in national competitive advantage in which the 5 competitive forces is lacking. (Sledge, 2005) Demand conditions Demand conditions describe the level of domestic demand that Proton faces. Demand conditions depend both on the quantity of demand as well as the sophistication level of consumers in a home market. In Malaysia, the demand for cars has been risen steadily due to increasing living standards and consumer expenditure. However, the difference between supply in terms of Malaysian cars and foreign cars is substantial ( Due to tariff barriers and special incentives dedicated to Malaysian car manufactures which results in significant higher prices for foreign cars). In fact the Malaysian government can largely influence the demand since most of the Malaysian lack the purchasing power to buy foreign manufactured cars. Generally, demand conditions are associated with a countrys level of economic development. Malaysia is has been having a sustainable economic growth of an average of 5% per year since the 1980s. The company has also been slow to market itself effectively around the world. Recent years have seen the organization neglect its prior efforts at branding, which has led to a cheap car image, even in the domestic market (Savage, 2005, p. 20). Thus, the general consensus is Malaysia is that Proton/Malaysian cars are perceived as one of the cheapest car in their segment and this can result that very demanding consumers create an awareness in firms that causes them to focus on the needs and preferences of the consumer. Also, quantities of demand drive firms to higher levels of efficiency and productivity. Thus, high levels of demand in a nation would drive the firms in that industry to become globally competitive (Sledge, 2005), however this is not applicable yet because Malaysia is still a developing country. Factors conditions According to Porter, factor conditions include any factors of production that a firm uses in its businesses. These include the traditional factors of production, this includes manmade structures that facilitate commerce, Still other factors would be educational and legal systems. Porter classifies these factors into five major categories: Human resources, physical resources, knowledge resources, capital resources and infrastructure. The more advanced these factors are the more they will enhance the success of businesses located in the country. These factors provide needed inputs and systems that businesses use to gain competitive advantages over their rivals. Without them, firms would have to expend their own resources to provide such structures for commerce and transactions. (Sledge, 2005) Many of these important factors are still not completely utilized and developed to a certain level. Malaysia automotive industry is lacking most of the important factors such as human resources, knowledge resources many skilled Malaysian labors went abroad due to better labor conditions and highly skilled foreign labor has been brought into the Malaysian automotive industry. In order to expedite the transfer of technology to Malaysia, PROTON was proactive in initiating programs between local vendors and numerous established overseas technical collaborators. By 2002, some 222 collaborative arrangements were in place representing specialized assistance from various regional neighbors (primarily Japan, South Korea, and Chinese Taiwan), as well as Western Europe (Ahmed Humphreys, 2008) The Malaysian governments still plays a large role in their own industrial global competitiveness. It has been the initiative of the Malaysian government to set up its own automotive industry and therewith complementary industries will arise( such as car part suppliers). The aimed result was to create an advanced business infrastructure and an emphasis on innovation, however this is still not the case in the Malaysian automotive industry . Related and supporting industries This aspect of the model includes the importance of enterprises that indirectly or directly affect the automotive industry. Porter describes these ancillary businesses needed by firms as related and supporting industries. These most often encompass suppliers or distributors that serve the industry at hand. The model proposes that the stronger these industries are the stronger the local industry will be. The underlying assumption is that highly competitive supporting industries will drive the focal industry to be more competitive (Sledge, 2005). Hypothesis 3: Strong and dynamic related and supporting industries in a firm s home market will positively impact the firm s global competitiveness. PROTON, notwithstandingits earlier intentions of a large-scale strategy, is simply not big enough to gain economies of scale to compete effectively in the export market against giant global competitors (Ahmed Humphreys, 2008) And according to (ROSLI KARI, 2008)a research shows that foreign suppliers performed better than local suppliers. Interviews suggest that access to superior technology from abroad is the prime determinant of the inferior performance of local suppliers compared to foreign suppliers. Local firms lack firm-specific advantages that foreign multinational suppliers enjoy It points to the need for companies and governments to encourage and support ancillary industries to enhance global competitiveness. In both models, this parameter estimate was the second largest and the most statistically significant. This underscores the importance of related and supporting industries in the context of global competitiveness. Without a network, firms can not hope to be worldwide leaders. Firm strategy, structure and rivalry is the fourth clement in the model. This point on the diamond refers to several key strategic factors that characterize a firm. Strategy describes the types of actions firms utilize to achieve both long-range and short-range goals. These are often either low-cost, differentiation, focus strategies or some combination thereof Other common strategies include growth, maintenance or restructuring activities. Growth strategies would be associated with higher competitiveness because the ability to pursue growth intemally or extemally would be indicative of overall business health, Stmcture refers to the industry composition. This describes the degree to which an industry is concentrated or dispersed, competitive or monopolistic, or global or domestic. A more crowded structure would indicate multilevel competition and therefore greater competitiveness. Rivalry indicates both the number of players and the level of competition among firms in an industry. This could be heated, mid-range, non-rivalries or somewhere in between. Greater rivalry in an industry would lead a firm to higher levels of competitiveness vis a vis its rivals. Rivalry is thought to be the most comprehensive of the three factors, as it often indicates the underlying strategy and structure of the competitors Thus, a greater number of firm actions as well as a greater number of competitor responses in the focal industry lead to greater competitiveness of the firm. Hypothesis 4: Greater rivalry within a firm s home market will positively impact the firms global competitiveness Make and justify recommendations for possible business strategies to exploit the benefits in this region

Grand Avenue Essay -- essays papers

Grand Avenue In the novel Grand Avenue. Greg Sarris uses the theme thread of poison to connect all of his separate stories about the Toms’, a Pomo Indian family. He proves that the roots of a family are the basis which gives the family its structure, even if those roots are bad. In the Toms’ family they’re roots were poisoned from the very founding of the family starting with Sam Toms’. His poison was not the fact that he tried to steal a married woman away, but that he was filled with secrets, deceptions, and self hatred. His family was founded on these poisened roots and passes the poisen down generation after gerneration. The only way to stop the poison, or inner self hatred taken out in other forms, was to let go of past and talk about the secrets and lies. Once a person does this they are able to learn from their mistake , in a sense the break free from the poison. If Sam Toms’ , the founder or root of the family,would have broken free of his poise n by talking about his mistake he made, his whole family per haps would have turned out completely different. As a result of his secrets and lies his family was rasied to make the same immoral desisions as he made throughout his life. His family, like Sam, didn't take responcilblity for their mistakes, which spread the poison onto the next generation. Tracing the poison throughout the Tom’s beginning at the roots, shows just how important the roots indeed are. In the first story, entitled The Magic Pony, one learns about the â€Å"Man Poison†. The story is narrated by Jasmine, who lives with her Auntie Faye Faye tells her daughter Ruby and Jasmine that all men are poisoned because of a mistake from her past She stole her cousin Anna’s boyfriend Joaquin, by lying t... ...d few such as Anna, Stella, and Alice who broke free of the poison, lived their lives as Sam Toms’ did who rooted the family. They as he did lied, cheated, manipuled, and kept secrets to try to live a happy life which in actuality their lives were anything but. The strong Toms’ that broke free of the poison spoke of their problems and took responsibility for them. The rest just followed in their ancestors footsteps and lived unhappy and immoral lives as they did. The Toms’ family poison connected the whole family, generation after generation together, and helps to prove how important an influential a families’ roots really are.footsteps and lived unhappy and immoral lives as they did. The Toms’ family poison connected the whole family, generation after generation together, and helps to prove how important an influential a families’ roots really are.

Teaching ESL Writing (Final Paper) -- Education Learning Essays

Teaching ESL Writing At times the plethora of professional journals and the myriad subjects treated therein seems like little more than a dizzying exercise in redundancy and a forum for education professionals to justify their worth in a competitive job market; however, I would like to think that there is a hidden value for those of us whose brains seem to operate in what some might call a â€Å"spiral† rhetorical pattern, that as we work our way around and around certain issues related to composition instruction, we are moving gradually upward toward broader understanding and better practice. Some studies seem to do little more than show the need for more studies, their authors falling back on such standard phrases as, â€Å"clearly more research is needed,† but that at least is evidence that we’re moving toward something – we’re trying to pinpoint the exact gap between educational practice as we know it and as we sense it might exist in an improved state. So, it is with this hope in mind that I’ve undertaken yet another literature review, consuming the writings of others in order to find a specific gap in (at least my own) understanding of educational practice as it relates to college-level ESL composition students in general, and to college-level ESL students with learning disabilities (LD) specifically. For the purposes of this paper I shall borrow Skinner and Gilespie’s definition of learning disabilities as follows: [Learning disabled persons are those] of average or above average intelligence who have difficulty mastering skills in reading and spelling (often in the form of dis- lexia), and /or writing, or math. ... ...es. March/April 2001, 34, 2. 136-152. Munro, Murray J. and Tracey M. Derwing. â€Å"Foreign Accent, Comprehensibility, and Inteligibility.† Language Learning. June 1999, 49, 2. 285-111. Poon-McBrayer, Kim Feng and Shernaz B. Garcia. â€Å"Profiles of Asian American Students with Learning Disabilities at Initial Referral, Assessment, and Place- ment in Special Education.† Journal of Learning Disabilities. Jan/Feb 2001, 33, 1. 61-71. Skinner, Louise and Phyllis Gillespie. â€Å"The Challenge of Adult Literacy: Students with Learning Disabilities in the ABE Classroom.† Adult Basic Education. Fall 2000, 10, 3. Spack, Ruth. â€Å"Student Meets Text, Text Meets Student: Finding a Way into Academic Discourse.† Reading in the Composition Classroom: Second Language Perspectives. Ed. Joan G. Carson and Ilona Leki. Boston: Heinle & Heinle Publishers, 1993. 183-196.

Male/Female Contrasts Essay Essay

There are many contrasts to male and female friendships. Both sexes share their feelings, thoughts, or even a casual conversation, differently from each other. Some say it’s because of a man’s ego, or a woman’s intuition that their friendships seem to work. Here are some contrasts of both genders friendships. Woman friendships usually seem to be more conversed, as for men it’s the opposite. Woman can talk about anything they want and share the same feelings or thoughts on the topic, but for men it’s a little less conversational. For men they think it’s feminine to talk about their feelings. Men usually refrain from talking to their friends about relationship problems so they typically talk about work related topics, sports, or anything that has to do with a man’s masculinity to show his friend he is dominate. But if men were to find themselves in a conversation they only talk about the things they have in common, which makes the men bond more and most likely to be better friends. Men don’t criticize each other’s opinion. As for women, if a girl sees her friend crying she is more likely to ask her to talk about why is she crying. Woman share common issues so their more likely to help one another. So you can say women are more sympathetic then men. Woman also criticize each other and because they know more information about each other, their more open to sharing personal information. Unlike woman, men participate in a total different activity when their together as oppose to woman. Men rather do more hands on activities such as painting a house, play sports (whether it be on a game console or in a big field), even going to the gym together, and also help another man with a mechanical problem. Like I stated before men try to avoid doing anything that has to do with emotions. Woman on the other hand does activities that don’t get them tired. Things like shopping, or share secrets; they don’t really do anything else but talk. They rather do things that involve finding things out about another person. Women can go out to a cafà © and sit down for hours talking about books or men. Men go into a cafà © order their stuff to go while talking about the hot girl in their work place. So in conclusion there are many contrasts to male and female friendships. Men and women friendships differ because of the way both sexes share their feelings, thoughts, or a casual conversation. Men rather do things that don’t involve talking about emotion but focus on the masculinity and do productive activities. As for woman there more conversed and sympathetic towards their friends and try not to do anything that would tire them out.

Culture in Negotiation Essay

What is a good outcome in negotiation? What does it take to get a good outcome? What goes wrong in a negotiation that has a poor outcome? However, if culture has an effect on negotiation, the mental models of negotiators from one culture may not map on to the mental models of negotiators from another culture, making the speci ® cation of a single mental model problematic. There are two ways to approach this problem of specifying a mental model of negotiation. One is to specify the model in use in one culture and then compare and contrast its elements with elements of models of negotiatio n from other cultures. Alternatively, we can specify the mental models of negotiation in many different cultures and aggregate their common and unique elements. The latter approach is less likely to overlook culturally unique aspects of negotiation, but requires the prior existence or current construction of many culturally emic (unique) models of negotiation. (See Brett, Tinsley, Janssens, Barsness, & Lytle, 1997 for a discussion of these two approaches to designing cross-cultural research. ) This article relies on the  ® rst approach because there is a well-speci ® ed model of negotiation grounded in Western theory and empirical